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As you progress, we'll monitor your transformation closely, adjusting the approach as needed to maximize your results. Learn more about Best-rated Botox clinic New Westminster here You'll see a calendar with available dates and times. The beauty of PRP therapy is that it's minimally invasive, involves minimal downtime, and uses your body's natural elements to stimulate hair growth.

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Instead, your skin will begin to peel over the next few days, revealing fresher, revitalized skin underneath.
Imagine walking in and, within a few sessions, seeing a transformation that aligns with your body goals-without the scalpel. Moreover, these peels promote collagen production, a key protein in your skin that decreases as you age. Learn more about Botox Clinic New Westminster here. That's why we've dedicated ourselves to developing personalized skincare plans that address your specific concerns, whether it's combating acne, reducing signs of aging, or enhancing your natural glow.
Avoid direct sun exposure as your skin will be more sensitive. This innovative body sculpting technology isn't just about transforming your physique; it's also engineered with your comfort and safety in mind. First off, you'll need to keep your skin hydrated.
What sets Manhas Health Co. apart is their commitment to personalized care. This process tightens your skin, reduces wrinkles, and creates a more youthful appearance. At Manhas Health Co., we offer a range of non-invasive procedures designed to enhance your beauty without the need for surgery.

You might find yourself intrigued by the promise of a procedure that not only rejuvenates your skin but does so with the precision of modern science. With their comprehensive service range, you're sure to find the perfect solution to feel your best. This means you're not getting a one-size-fits-all procedure. When comparing Evolve-X to other body sculpting methods, it's evident that its unique safety and comfort features set it apart.

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You won't have to jump through hoops or wait forever on the phone.

Firstly, you'll see noticeable results faster than you might with traditional exercise and diet alone. A friendly staff member will assist you in finding a suitable time and answer any questions you might've about the services or the clinic itself. Your first step involves a detailed consultation with our experts, who'll map out a custom plan designed just for you. Remember, consistency is key to keeping that youthful glow.

By personalizing your treatment plan, Manhas Health Co ensures that you receive the most effective combination for your specific skin concerns. You're not just working on surface-level problems; you're enhancing your skin's health from within. We believe in fostering long-term relationships with our clients, guiding you through your aesthetic journey with empathy and expertise. Next, show off your revitalized complexion.

Similarly, our advanced radiofrequency therapies can tighten and tone your skin, giving you a more youthful look by stimulating collagen production. Our approach is personalized, focusing on your individual features and goals to ensure that your natural charms are highlighted and cherished. These aren't just temporary fixes; they're about enhancing your natural beauty in a way that feels authentic and lasts. We understand that everyone's skin and body are different, which is why we use these innovative tools to create a customized treatment plan just for you.

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Botulinum toxin Description for Botulinum toxin Source
Skeletal muscle Description for Skeletal muscle Source
Eyelid Description for Eyelid Source
Eye drop Description for Eye drop Source
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Marionette lines Description for Marionette lines Source
Lip Description for Lip Source
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Mohs surgery Description for Mohs surgery Source
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Melanocytic nevus Description for Melanocytic nevus Source
Collagen induction therapy Description for Collagen induction therapy Source
Platelet-rich plasma Description for Platelet-rich plasma Source
Pattern hair loss Description for Pattern hair loss Source
Skin care Description for Skin care Source
New Westminster Description for New Westminster Source
British Columbia Description for British Columbia Source
Rhinoplasty Description for Rhinoplasty Source
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The entrance to the Fraser is very striking—Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet fr [sic] the Background of Superb Mountains—Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England's dominions on the Pacific mainland. My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away.

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Guildford
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Nanaksar Gurdwara Gursikh Temple

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Citations and other links

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Don't let stress and environmental factors take a toll on your skin. Your journey with Manhas Health Co begins with a personalized consultation, tailor-made to understand your unique aesthetic goals and concerns. Don't worry; this warmth is generally comfortable and indicates the procedure is working as intended. Imagine achieving that toned look you've always wanted without the scars, pain, or recovery time associated with traditional body sculpting methods.

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They understand that aging isn't just about lines and wrinkles; it's about how you feel inside and out.

It's designed for those frustrating areas that don't seem to respond to diet and exercise alone. Unlike more invasive procedures, face sculpting allows you to return to your daily activities immediately, making it a convenient option for your busy lifestyle.

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Moreover, the device is designed to automatically adjust the energy delivery if it senses that the skin temperature is too high. They're here to guide you through every step of the process, ensuring you're comfortable, informed, and excited about your journey.

As you age, your skin's collagen production decreases, leading to wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging.

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In essence, IPL photo facials offer a multifaceted approach to skin rejuvenation. You'll start seeing improvements in your skin's texture and tightness after a few sessions, with full results becoming apparent a few months after completing the treatment series. That's where our cutting-edge treatments come in, designed to target stubborn fat, tone muscles, and tighten skin, giving you a sculpted, more defined silhouette.

Diving into the world of chemical peels, you'll uncover a myriad of benefits aimed at revitalizing your skin by shedding the old, dull surface to reveal a smoother, more youthful complexion beneath. You can resume your daily activities immediately, though it's advised to abstain from sexual intercourse for a short period to allow the area to heal properly. At Manhas Health Co., you're not just another appointment on the schedule; you're the center of a personalized aesthetic journey tailored just for you. Our team of experts then crafts a customized plan that aligns with your personal aspirations and lifestyle.

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Once concentrated, this platelet-rich plasma is then injected back into your body in areas requiring healing or rejuvenation, such as the scalp for hair restoration. This includes avoiding direct sunlight and using recommended skincare products to support healing. Best Botox injector New Westminster These aren't just isolated incidents; they're a testament to the transformative power of Morpheus 8 resurfacing and PRP hair restoration. With each session, you'll see a gradual improvement, leading to a brighter, more even-toned, and younger-looking complexion. Natural-looking Botox New Westminster
As you consider the safety and the transformative potential of this procedure, remember that countless individuals have navigated this journey before you, their testimonials and success stories a testament to the possibilities that lie ahead. By removing the outermost layers of skin, they unclog pores and prevent future breakouts, making them an effective solution for those battling persistent acne. Botox before and after New Westminster You won't just look better; you'll feel better too.
They provide expert advice on skincare routines, recommending products that complement the procedures you choose. Read more about Best-rated Botox clinic New Westminster here She restored not only the vitality of her hair but rejuvenated her skin, embodying the power of these innovative treatments working in harmony. It's like waking up your scalp's natural ability to grow hair.
This innovative technology reshapes your body by targeting fat and enhancing muscle tone without incisions, anesthesia, or downtime. This process is quick and feels similar to a routine blood test. From laser skin rejuvenation to non-invasive body contouring, our state-of-the-art equipment allows us to tailor each procedure to meet your specific needs and goals.

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There's no downtime, so you can resume your daily activities immediately after. Botox for special events New Westminster Rest assured, from the moment you start with us, you're in capable hands committed to enhancing your natural beauty and boosting your confidence. They've got a range of options, from non-surgical to minimally invasive treatments, ensuring you find something that aligns perfectly with your comfort level and health goals. It's quick and manageable, with cooling methods often applied to soothe the area immediately. Choosing the right vaginal rejuvenation technique at Manhas Health Co is just the start; focusing on your recovery and care is crucial for the best outcomes.

Remember, your skin is more receptive now, making it the perfect time to introduce beneficial ingredients like hyaluronic acid and vitamin C. The treatment typically lasts about an hour, depending on the areas being targeted. Clicking on it will take you to the scheduling page, where you can choose the Forma Face Sculpting service. With a keen eye for detail and a gentle touch, Alex specializes in facial rejuvenation treatments that leave your skin glowing.

First, it uses radiofrequency energy to heat the deeper layers of your skin, encouraging the production of collagen. Book your appointment today and experience the difference technology can make in your aesthetic journey.

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    You might feel a slight pressure or pinch during the injections, but the discomfort is generally minimal.

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    You can choose to pay upfront using cash, credit, or debit cards.

    It's not just about losing weight; it's about reshaping and refining your figure to match your vision for yourself. Have you ever wondered how effective our personalized treatments can be? Rarely, you might experience temporary changes in skin pigmentation, particularly if you don't follow post-treatment care instructions like avoiding sun exposure.

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    There's a low risk of more significant side effects, such as changes in skin pigmentation, especially if you have a darker skin tone. At Manhas Health Co., you're not just discovering cutting-edge aesthetic treatments; you're embarking on a journey towards renewed confidence. Manhas Health Co. is on a mission to make aesthetic improvements accessible and convenient.

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    You're likely wondering how it works.

    It's essential to complete the recommended course of treatments to achieve the best outcomes. Beyond the immediate allure of these cosmetic enhancements lies a world of tailored treatment plans designed specifically for you, ensuring that your beauty goals are not just met but exceeded. Book your appointment today and experience the difference our experienced team of specialists can make in your aesthetic journey.

    He's not just transformed physically but mentally, embracing a lifestyle of wellness and self-care. You might wonder about the process's specifics. Morpheus 8 combines microneedling with radiofrequency energy to remodel and contour the skin from within, while PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy utilizes your body's own growth factors to stimulate hair follicle growth.

    These partnerships allow you to apply for financing plans that can be tailored to fit your budget, with competitive interest rates and flexible repayment terms. Botox for marionette lines New Westminster For those looking to redefine contours, our body sculpting services offer a non-surgical approach to reshaping and toning. Botox myths and facts New Westminster Then there's James, whose thinning hairline had him wearing hats indoors.

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    You'll receive clear information about your treatment options and what you can realistically expect in terms of results.

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    When you undergo PRP treatment for hair restoration, your session will start with the collection of a small blood sample from your arm. They're on a mission to blend cutting-edge technology with holistic health practices to not only enhance your appearance but improve your overall well-being. Take Sarah, for instance, who battled acne scars for years. That's why our experts sit down with you to listen to your concerns, goals, and aspirations.
    Manhas Health Co. offers a range of revolutionary aesthetic services designed to meet your unique beauty and wellness needs with precision and care. At Manhas Health Co., we understand that aging gracefully isn't just a wish; it's a journey made smoother with the right care and treatments tailored just for you.

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    The beauty of Evolve-X lies in its versatility. Using a precise, sterile blade, a skilled professional carefully exfoliates the surface of your skin.
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    At Manhas Health Co., we believe in unlocking your natural beauty by enhancing what makes you uniquely you. The science behind this innovation taps into cutting-edge techniques to ensure you're not just seeing temporary improvements but potentially long-lasting results. Two days before your procedure, skip any harsh skincare products that could sensitize your skin. At Manhas Health Co., we're not just about making you look good; we're about making you feel your best, using technology that sets new standards in aesthetic care.

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    In general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings include:

    Materials

    [edit]
    • Filler (animal food), dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk
    • Filler (materials), particles added to a matrix material, usually to improve its properties
    • Filler (packaging), a machine designed to fill packaging, usually occurs in food packaging
    • Filler metal, metal added in the making of a joint through welding, brazing, or soldering
    • Grain filler, a product that is used to achieve a smooth-textured wood finish
    • Injectable filler, a soft tissue filler injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles
    • Star filler, a plastic insert in computer cables which separates wires

    Media and entertainment

    [edit]
    • Filler (media), in television and other media, material that exists outside the story arc to pad out other material
    • "Filler", song by hardcore punk band Minor Threat, from their debut E.P.

    Other uses

    [edit]

    See also

    [edit]

    Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

    A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

    Skin

    [edit]

    Causes for aging wrinkles

    [edit]
    A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

    Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

    Sleep wrinkles

    [edit]

    Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

    Water-immersion wrinkling

    [edit]
    A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

    The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

    Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

    Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

    In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

    This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

    Other animals with wrinkles

    [edit]

    Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

    Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

    [edit]
    A man receiving a botox injection

    Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

    Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

    Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

    Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

    Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

    Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

    Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
    2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
    3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
    4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
    5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
    6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
    7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
    8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
    9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
    10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
    11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
    12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
    13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
    14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
    15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
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    23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
    [edit]

    Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

    A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

    Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

    Etymology

    [edit]
    The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

    The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

    An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

    Overview

    [edit]
    A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

    Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

    Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

    Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

    Function

    [edit]
    Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

    The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

    Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

    Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

    Large outpatient clinics

    [edit]
    Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

    Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

    Function

    [edit]

    Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

    Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

    Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

    Internationally

    [edit]
    Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

    Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

    In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

    Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

    In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

    India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

    Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

    Mobile clinics

    [edit]
    Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
    A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

    Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

    A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

    A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

    Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

    Types

    [edit]
    Storefront clinic in Manhattan

    There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

    • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
    • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
    • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
    • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
    • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
    • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
    2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
    3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
    4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
    5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
    6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
    7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
    8. ^ Google
    9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
    10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
    11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
    12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
    14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
    15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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